基于最优分割理论的酸雨监控点位的分类研究

Fisher最优分割法是用离差平方和来表示同类样本之间的差异程度,通过简便的计算步骤和作图,确定最优分类数,使同类样本间的差异最小,各类别样本间的差异最大,并用F检验法检验最优分类数的合理性。文章根据Fisher最优分割法的理论内涵,研究其应用于酸雨环境监测优化布点的可行性。以漳州市沿海区域监测点为研究实例,用Fisher最优分割法确定最优的分类情况和最优的优化布点方案。结果表明,原布设的9个监测点用Fisher最优分割法优化为3个典型点位,可客观地反映漳州市酸雨控制区的整体污染状况和污染趋势,该方法理论内涵直观、计算简便、重复性好,对环境质量监测有重要的意义。     

厌氧生物滴滤法脱除冷煤气中硫化氢的研究

水煤气中硫化氢在燃烧时会转变成二氧化硫,对环境产生污染。文章采用厌氧生物滴滤塔法对冷煤气进行脱硫处理。因煤气对氧的严格限制,通过设计生物滴滤塔,经挂膜驯化后在厌氧条件下对浓度在1~5 g/m3左右的硫化氢进行脱除处理,考察滴滤塔运行条件对脱除效果的影响。结果表明,生物挂膜25 d后,生物滴滤塔达到稳定,喷淋液pH值为2.23,ORP值为283 mV,溶解氧为0.4 mg/L,对溶液中硫离子氧化效率达到94%。滴滤塔在液气比0.15,空塔气速0.088 m/s,pH值5.0~7.0,填料高度为82 cm,塔温为25~30℃左右时,达到较优的运行条件,此时该滴滤塔对以CO、CO2、H2和1 940 mg/m3H2S组成的模拟水煤气的脱硫效率达91.2%。     

水环境中重金属检测方法研究进展

重金属污染是水污染的主要问题之一,严重威胁水生生物的生存和人类健康。文章对近年来水环境中重金属的检测方法进行了综述,主要介绍了原子吸收光谱法、电感藕合等离子体法、原子荧光光谱法、溶出伏安法、生物酶抑制法、免疫分析法和生物化学传感器法等。列举了不同方法的灵敏度、准确性和适用范围等,并对各自优点进行了比较。     

几种网格数据处理方法的应用与评述

对于利用网格布点所测得数据的处理,可采用积分法、趋势面法、多项式法和平均值法,各种处理方法各有其特点。平均值法计算简单,各个网格权重相同,意义明了,但精度不高;积分法和趋势面法考虑到了位于中心的网格对整个区域的贡献率大,组成的三角形多,统计时利用次数就多,边缘的网格数据利用次数少,物理意义明确。积分法还可计算总量,趋势面法可以在图上表示区域分布及变化趋势;多项式法除了计算其平均值外,还可模拟测定值,可计算测得数值序列趋势值和偏差值,分析污染物分布及变化情况。使用时要根据分析对象的物理意义及研究目的不同,选择不同的数学模型和计算公式。     

西安表土中多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源解析

通过2008年采集西安不同功能区表层土壤样品,运用GC/MS质谱联用仪对美国EPA优控的16种多环芳烃(PAHs)进行定性、定量分析,来探讨西安表层土壤种多环芳烃的污染特征及其来源。结果表明,16种PAHs均被检出,西安表土中ΣPAHs浓度范围为125~9 057 ng/g,平均值为2 727 ng/g,主要以4~6环PAHs为主,共占总量的69%。PAHs的空间分布规律为:工业区>文教区>绿化区>郊区>农村。应用特征比值判断法可知,西安表土中PAHs主要是煤的不完全燃烧和机动车尾气排放所产生的混合源污染。借鉴国外土壤污染标准可知西安城区表土污染较为严重。     

Water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element method

For natural water, method of water quality evaluation based on improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is presented. Two important parts are improved, the weights determining and fuzzy membership functions. The coefficient of variation of each indicator is used to determine the weight instead of traditional calculating superscales method. On the other hand, fuzzy matter-elements are constructed, and normal membership degrees are used instead of traditional trapezoidal ones. The composite fuzzy matter-elements with associated coefficient are constructed through associated transformation. The levels of natural water quality are determined according to the principle of maximum correlation. The improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method is applied to evaluate water quality of the Luokou mainstream estuary at the first ten weeks in 2011 with the coefficient of variation method determining the weights. Water quality of Luokou mainstream estuary is dropping from level I to level II. The results of the improved evaluation method are basically the same as the official water quality. The variation coefficient method can reduce the workload, and overcome the adverse effects from abnormal values, compared with the traditional calculating superscales method. The results of improved fuzzy matter-element evaluation method are more credible than the ones of the traditional evaluation method. The improved evaluation method can use information of monitoring data more scientifically and comprehensively, and broaden a new evaluation method for water quality assessment.     

Measurement of air exchange rates in different indoor environments using continuous CO2 sensors

A new air exchange rate (AER) monitoring method using continuous CO₂ sensors was developed and validated through both laboratory experiments and field studies. Controlled laboratory simulation tests were conducted in a 1-m³ environmental chamber at different AERs (0.1-10.0 hr^-1). AERs were determined using the decay method based on box model assumptions. Field tests were conducted in classrooms, dormitories, meeting rooms and apartments during 2-5 weekdays using CO₂ sensors coupled with data loggers. Indoor temperature, relative humidity (RH), and CO₂ concentrations were continuously monitored while outdoor parameters combined with on-site climate conditions were recorded. Statistical results indicated that good laboratory performance was achieved: duplicate precision was within 10%, and the measured AERs were 90%-120% of the real AERs. Average AERs were 1.22, 1.37, 1.10, 1.91 and 0.73 hr^-1 in dormitories, air-conditioned classrooms, classrooms with an air circulation cooling system, reading rooms, and meeting rooms, respectively. In an elderly particulate matter exposure study, all the homes had AER values ranging from 0.29 to 3.46 hr??1 in fall, and 0.12 to 1.39 hr^-1 in winter with a median AER of 1.15.     

海洋赤潮毒素高灵敏检测技术综述

赤潮毒素通常存在于海洋生物中,具有毒性大、中毒速度快、防治困难等特点。近年来频繁发生的赤潮所引起的赤潮毒素严重影响水产养殖和人们食品安全,随着人们对食品安全的重视和赤潮毒素研究的不断深入,赤潮毒素快速、高灵敏分析检测已成为研究的热点。文章针对近十年来典型赤潮毒素高灵敏检测方法进行综述,并对这些方法的优缺点和需要完善的方面进行分析。     

城区地表径流面源污染和河道水环境治理的研究

河流为人类提供了多样的生态服务功能,然而城市化对河流生态系统健康状况造成严重的影响。随着点源污染的有效管理控制,非点源污染降雨径流己成为造成城市地表水环境污染的主要原因。为了改善河道水质,引调清水激活城市内河水体,提高河道的水环境自净能力,有效改善城市水环境。文章以南京河西水系为例,利用Saint-Venant方程组对水系建立一维水动力模型,并通过汇流结点水位法对方程组进行数值求解;对WASP5水质模型进行二次开发用于水质模拟;建立水质模型和一维河网水动力模型的耦合模型,将水动力模型计算所得到的水动力参数耦合到WSAP5水质模型中,模拟降雨过程以及引调清水过程的河网各河段的水质变量浓度,得出降雨径流对河流的污染程度以及引清冲污措施对河流水质改善的效果并优化调水过程。     

一种高架复合路补充安装声屏障车流条件确定方法

某一地面高架复合公路,通车初期由于车流量很小,相对沿线大型保护目标高架部分暂未安装噪声屏障,但相对原有设计增加了提高护栏、采用较低噪声路面、绿化带等有利于减小噪声影响的措施,现欲确定必须补充安装隔声屏障的车流条件。该后评价计算目标的确定,完全可以通过盲的试算确定,但由此需要的工作量将是极为繁重和庞大的。为了提高效率,本文提出一种半理论半经验的方法予以简化。